癌症是严重危害人类健康的重大疾病之一。纳米癌症药物载体的制备以及其在细胞内运行通路的研究对提高化学诊疗药物的药效有着至关重要的作用。本论文利用化学方法构建了几种纳米癌症药物释放平台，并对其在细胞内的运行通路进行了详细的研究。还对其中一种进行了动物实验。确定了载药的纳米癌症药物释放平台和自噬体抑制剂协同使用会大大提高肿瘤的治疗效果。另外，通过偏振光学的方法根据不同时期的癌细胞以及红细胞形态的不同把这些细胞识别出来，为癌症的识别、诊断和治疗提供了新的思路和方法。具体研究如下： 通过电化学腐蚀的方法制备了多功能硅基纳米粒子，并研究了其在制备过程中条件的变化对其厚度和孔径大小等物理特征的影响。对其载药活性进行了初步的研究：双向载药时，首次承载的药物载药率较高，二次载药率较低。研究了多孔硅纳米粒子在乳腺癌细胞内的运行路径。多孔硅纳米粒子通过Arf-6和EEA1内吞作用方式进入细胞然后进入早期核内体，接着传递到晚期核内体。通过再循环核内体的过程在细胞内传递。通过Rab8，Rab14标记的葡萄糖转移蛋白过程和Rab32标记的黑色素体囊泡途径被癌细胞分泌到细胞外。 通过两次电化学腐蚀的方法和溶剂替换法成功制备了阳极氧化铝纳米管和PHBHHx纳米粒子。并深入研究了两种纳米结构在癌细胞内的运行路径。阳极氧化铝纳米管通过小窝蛋白非独立的途径进入细胞，PHBHHx纳米粒子则通过小窝蛋白非独立和网格蛋白独立的途径进入细胞，两者均通过经典内吞途径：早期核内体-晚期核内体-溶酶体在细胞内运行。两者也可以通过脂肪滴内吞过程转移到早期核内体然后进入晚期核内体，最后进入溶酶体在细胞内运转。同时发现两条新的运行途径(阳极氧化铝纳米管：大胞饮-晚期核内体-溶酶体；PHBHHx纳米粒子大胞饮-早期核内体-溶酶体)在细胞内运行。细胞可以通过慢循环内吞途径和顶端循环内吞途径将两者在细胞内运输。两者可以通过葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT4外排模式被细胞排出体外。两种纳米载体均能够引起细胞内自噬的发生，并且自噬抑制剂可以抑制其自噬过程。最后通过动物实验证明载药的PHBHHx纳米粒子和氯喹共同作用能够显著提高肿瘤的治疗效果。最后，我们根据宫颈癌细胞在不同生长阶段以及红细胞在形状上的差异利用偏振光散射的方法识别出了不同时期的癌细胞和红细胞，其L值均大于1。为癌症的识别、治疗提供了广阔的应用前景。 关键词：纳米癌症药物载体；细胞通路；癌症诊断；疗效

 Cancer is one of the major diseases that threat human health seriously. The construction of nano-cancarier for controlled drug release and the exploration of their intracellular pathways is of great significance for improving the efficacy of chemical diagnostic drugs in vivo. In this thesis, several different types of drug carrier platforms were fabricated and their intracellular pathways in the cell were explored in detail. Animal experiments were also conducted using one of the drug carriers. It was found that the synergistic use of drug-loaded nanocarrier release platform and autophagosome inhibitors would greatly improve the therapeutic effect of tumor. The other part of the thesis explored the use of polariz light to differenciate cancer cells and red blood cells according to the light they scattered due to the difference of cell morphology, which provided a new idea and method for cancer identification, diagnosis and treatment. The specific research is as follows: Multifunctional silicon-based nanoparticles were successfully prepared by electrochemical etching. We investigated and the influence of electrochemical etching conditions on their physical characteristics such as thickness and pore size. The drug loading activity was studied: the drug loading efficiency was highly depend on the sequence of the drug applied, ie., the drug loading rate of the first load was higher, and that of the second load was lower. This character can ben used to control the drug ratio in a single drug carrier. Porous silicon nanoparticles enter the cell through Arf-6 independent endocytosis and are then transferred into the early endosome followed by transfered to the late endosome. They can be delivered through the cell by recycling the endosome and secret into the extracellular environment through GLUT4 process and melanosome vesicle pathway by MCF-7 cells. Anodic alumina nanotubes and PHBHHx nanoparticles were successfully prepared by means of modified pulse anodization process using galvanostatic mode and a solvent displacement method, respectively. The intracellularp athways of the two nanostructures in MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells were investigated. The anodic alumina nanotubes entered the cells through the caveolin-dependent endocytosis and Rab34-mediated micropinocytosis, while the PHBHHx nanoparticles entered the cell through the clathrin-dependent and caveolin-dependent pathway Rab34-mediated micropinocytosis endocytosis pathway. Both of them entered the cell through the classical endocytosis pathway: early endosome - late endosome - lysosome and can also be transferred to the early endosome by the liposome endocytosis process and then be transferred into the late endosome, finally into the lysosome to degrade in the cell. Two new intracellular pathways were identified (anodic alumina nanotubes: micropinocytosis - late endosome - lysosome; PHBHHx nanoparticles: micropinocytosis - early endosome - lysosome) in cells. Cells can transport them through the slow cycle endocytosis pathway and the apical cycle endocytosis pathway. The cells use slow endocytosis recycling pathway and GLUT4 exocytosis vesicles transport the two type of nanoparticles out of the cells. They can induce intracellular autophagy, and autophagy inhibitors can block their autophagy process. Animal experiments showed that the combined action of drug-loaded PHBHHx nanoparticles and chloroquine could significantly improve the therapeutic effect of tumor. In order to develop the best drug delivery vector, we should treat intracellular pathways as a single obstacle to effective drug delivery and evaluate them comprehensively. The drug release platform can be constructed by autophagy inhibitors and drug-loaded anodic aluminum nanotubes to improve the efficacy. In addition, we investigated the use of polarized light scattering method to identify cancer cells and red blood cells according to the difference of the light they scattered due to their difference in morphology for the first time. It was demonstrated this method is convenient and effective, paved a way for practicals application for the identification, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Key words: nanocarried particles; intracellular trafficking pathway; cancer diagnosis; curative effect