“变态封建主义”最初由普朗摩尔(Charles Plummer)于1885年提出，并被麦克法兰于20世纪中期进行完整的概念界定，即以货币支付为核心，以扈从制和庇护制为主要内容。自诞生起，“变态封建主义”就吸引了诸多学者的注意，逐渐被视为“中古英格兰政治社会结构”的自然组成部分，进而对中古英格兰的史学研究产生了持久而深远影响。通过借鉴西方学者的学术成果，本文对“变态封建主义”进行系统的解读，以窥探中古后期英国政治社会的演变。 诺曼征服以后，威廉一世通过土地分封的方式逐步在英格兰建立起较为完善的封建制度。但是，随着骑士征召的困难、货币封土的出现、盾牌钱的产生以及雇佣军的招募，“货币支付”这种迥异于土地分封的方式逐渐在英格兰发展起来，并最终促使英格兰开始从传统的封建主义向“变态封建主义”过渡。 在战争的作用下，“变态封建主义”得以进一步发展。伴随着封建骑士军役制的衰落、付酬军役制的发展，合同军制逐渐成为军队的重要组织形式。合同军制的发展又促进了私家扈从制的发展。大贵族开始以“货币支付”的手段招募包括亲属在内的中小贵族作为自己的私家随扈，并与他们签订扈从契约。作为“变态封建主义”的核心，扈从契约的出现标志着变态封建主义的形成。 为强化自己的私家扈从网络，贵族不得不通过婚姻、血缘、地缘等纽带与那些潜在的追随者进行接触。优质的女继承人在为男方带来更多财富的同时，还为男方带来女性家族的追随者；家族成员又往往成为贵族私家网络的核心，基于血缘的结盟更使得贵族能够互享对方的扈从；地缘并没有因货币支付而遭到严重削弱，私家扈从网络的分布仍然往往受到领主的封地分布影响。 变态封建主义的兴起对中古后期的英国政治产生了深刻的影响。尤其是一些地位显赫的大贵族，充分利用这一社会变动态势，招募私家军队、操纵下院选举、干预王国要政，形成王权难以驾驭的超级臣属，并对王权形成了强有力挑战。其中，理查德二世的废黜就是超级臣属向王权挑战的典型例证。凭借庞大的私家军队和扈从网络，亨利·博林布鲁克得以战胜理查德二世，并通过议会为自己的篡权披上了合法外衣。 关键词：变态封建主义；合同军；私家扈从；超级臣属

 The term bastard feudalism was first invented in 1885 by Charles Plummer, and was defined completely in the mid-20th century by K. B. McFarlane. It was based on the concept of the currency of payment, and mostly included Patronage and Retinue. The bastard feudalism has attracted the eyes of most scholars since the day it was born, and was seen an organic part of Britain's political and social Structure. And then, it had a great effect on the historical research about the Medieval England. In order to know more about the evolution of political and social history of Medieval England, the bastard feudalism will be interpreted systematically on the basis of the academic achievements of Western Scholars in the paper. William the Conqueror established a mature feudalism in England through the system of enfeoffment after the Norman Conquest. However, with the falling of knight service, the appearance of the fief-rente, the emergence of the scutage, and the recruitment of the foreign mercenaries, the currency of payment which was different from the system of enfeoffment began to develop gradually. Under the influence, England began to have a transition which was from feudalism to bastard feudalism. Under the influence of war, bastard feudalism went through a further development. With the further falling of the feudal service and the further development of the paid service, the contract army became the main organization of the army. With the growth of the contract army, the private retinue got a further development. The magnates began to employ some primary and secondary nobles containing their relatives as their private retinue through the measure of the currency of payment. In addition, the magnates would sign contracts with these retinues. As the vital link of the bastard feudalism, the appearance of the contract was the indication of the formation of the bastard feudalism. In order to consolidate the network of the private retinue, the magnates had to contact with those potential followers through the link of marriage, kinship and region. Firstly, for the male, the heiresses will bring huge wealth and more followers who once served her family. Secondly, more often than not, the family members will be the nucleus of network, and the alliance based on the kinship would allow them to enjoy their private retinues respectively. Lastly, the region had not been seriously weakened as a result of the currency of payment, and the distribution of the network depending on the location of the magnate’s lands. The rise of the bastard feudalism brought about a profound effect on the politics in the Medieval England. Utilizing the movement trend, some distinguished magnates recruited private army, manipulated the election of the House of Commons, and interfere in politics. For the crown, these magnates were the over-major subjects beyond its control, and made a huge threat to their reign. Among them, the deposing of Richard 11 was the typical challenge which was caused by the over-major subjects. Depending on the huge private army and the big network of retinue. Henry Bolingbroke defeated Richard II. and ascended to the throne under the cloak of legality. Keywords: bastard feudalism; contract army; private retinue; over-major subject