我国农业在近十年取得了巨大进步，粮食产量从1998年到2016年的20年间，增加了12207.95万吨，增长24.7％，保持1.2％的平均增长率。然而，农业部门取得这些成就的同时，也带来了严重的环境污染问题。2014年，生态环境部公布的全国土壤污染状况调查数据显示，我国耕地土壤污染点位超标率为19.4％，其中重度污染点位比例达1.1％。在这种背景下，推动我国农业生产方式绿色转型成为各界关注的焦点。在2015年召开的十八届五中全会上，“绿色”被列为实现十三五规划目标的五大新理念之一。2017年，中央一号文件和农业农村部文件提出要重视绿色优质农产品供给，把大力发展绿色农业放在突出位置，加快农业生产方式转型，以推进农业供给侧结构性改革。习近平总书记指出，推进我国农业绿色发展是农业发展观的一场深刻革命，也是我国农业供给侧结构性改革的未来方向。绿色发展成为了现代农业发展的内在要求，以及生态文明建设的重要组成部分。因此，如何促进农业经营主体的生产方式从常规生产向绿色生产转型，是一个亟待解决的课题。 尽管很多研究显示绿色生产具有更可观的收益，可以实现期望效用最大化的目标。但常规农业在长期已构成的农业体系不仅造成了农业经营主体对常规生产技术的依赖，而且形成了相应的文化制度、观念制度、社会期待。这种普遍存在的制度成为社会承认的或合乎情理的逻辑，产生巨大的约束力量，塑造了农业经营主体的思维，要求农业经营主体采用普遍认可的常规生产方式以追求社会承认和满足合法性，从而规范着农业经营主体的生产行为。在这种背景下，常规生产具有合法性，生存方式绿色转型将面临着合法性缺失的困境，从而阻碍农业经营主体生产方式转型。 本研究基于制度学派的合法性理论，试图以合法性作为切入点，揭示农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型的合法性困境，以及绿色生产经营主体获得合法性的措施，并探索这些合法性获取对经营绩效的影响作用。具体来看，本研究将围绕以下三个问题进行深入探讨：(1)什么因素对农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型的意愿和行为具有显著影响；(2)面对制约因素时，绿色生产经营主体应该采取怎样的措施进行应对；(3)这些措施是否有助于绿色生产经营主体经营绩效的提高。 首先，什么因素决定农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型？采用质性研究方法分析了制度环境下，常规生产合法性对绿色转型的影响。本研究通过对文献的阅读发现，目前大多研究基于经济人的假设分析农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型，认为农业经营主体出于利益最大化考虑从事绿色生产，忽视了农业经营主体作为社会人追求社会认同的事实。换言之，尽管新事物的产生往往是因为其能够提高效率或者能够增加效用，但是新事物也将面临质疑和不被接受的状况。在我国现有制度环境下，常规生产更具有合法性。而绿色生产处于初期发展阶段，面临制度合法性缺失、难以获得认可的困境，从而制约农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型。其中，合法性包括规制合法性、规范合法性认知合法性。因此，常规生产合法性作为制约因素，阻碍农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型。通过对41个常规生产经营主体进行研究，阐述了制度环境下合法性对绿色转型的影响。 其次，合法性因素是否影响农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型的意愿和行为？采用定量研究方法验证常规生产合法性对农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型意愿和行为的影响。基于合法性理论，通过对330个常规生产经营主体和112个绿色生产经营主体的问卷调查分别进行多元线性回归和二元Logistic回归分析，检验规制合法性、规范合法性、认知合法性对绿色生产转型意愿和行为的影响，结果显示：在当前制度环境下，常规生产的规制合法性、规范合法性和认知合法性负向影响农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型意愿和行为。 再次，绿色生产经营主体如何自下而上应对绿色生产的合法性缺失困境？尽管绿色生产具有更高的预期经济收益，但是绿色转型不可避免地面对制度环境造成的合法性缺失压力。虽然各级政府自上而下出台了相关政策，但是绿色生产经营主体如何自下而上采取有效措施进行应对。本研究采用多案例研究方法，通过对4个绿色农场进行分析，阐述了绿色生产经营主体获取规制、规范、认知三个合法性的策略。研究发现，绿色生产经营主体通过权威证实、要素获得的方式获取规制合法性；通过冲击事件、参与式认证、信誉建设获得规范合法性；通过模仿机制、形象塑造、个人特征获得认知合法性。 最后，绿色生产经营主体获得合法性是否有助于经营绩效的提高，并如何影响经营绩效？合法性作为一种对适当性、接受性和可取性的社会判断，成为一种能够帮助组织获得其他资源的重要资源。资源的增长有助于组织获得绩效。组织的合法性越高，它能获得的资源就越多；而组织的资源越多，它所能获得的绩效就越多。因此，资源获得在合法性获取与组织经营绩效之间起到了中介作用。本研究针对全国112个绿色生产经营主体的问卷调查，采用多元线性回归和偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap法分析了合法性获取、资源获得、经营绩效三者之间的关系。结果显示：合法性获取对经营绩效的提高具有显著的正向影响；合法性获取对资源获得的提高具有显著的正向影响；资源获得在合法性获取与经营绩效之间起到了中介作用。 总体来看，本研究突破了以往基于经济人假设的经济理论视角，从制度学派的合法性理论视角来解释合法性对农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型的影响，并探讨了获得合法性的策略，实现了以下研究进展：(1)以往大多研究从经济视角分析农业经营主体生产方式绿色转型，认为农业经营主体出于利益最大化考虑从事绿色生产，忽视了绿色生产处于初期发展阶段所面临制度合法性缺失的事实，具有一定的开拓性；(2)采用质性研究方法探讨了制度环境中常规生产方式“合法性”，以及其对绿色转型的影响作用，并运用定量研究方法实证检验了该影响作用；(3)阐释了绿色生产经营主体在这种合法性缺失的制度环境下，如何改变现状获得合法性，从认知、规范、规制三个维度解释了绿色生产经营主体的应对策略；(4)实证验证了合法性获取、资源获得、经济绩效的关系，具体而言，合法性获取通过帮助绿色生产经营主体获得资源，而提高经营绩效。因此，合法性获得对绿色生产经营主体的生存和发展具有重要意义。 关键词：农业经营主体；绿色转型；合法性理论

 Agriculture in our country has made great progress in recent years. Grain yield increased 122.0795 million tons, rose 24.7%, and maintained the average growth rate of 1.2% from 1998 to 2016. However, these achievements were made by the department of agriculture, at the same time, also brought serious environmental pollution problems. The national soil pollution condition investigation published by the ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China in 2014, showed farmland soil pollution levels was 19.4% in our country, and the percentage of heavy pollution was 1.1%. In this context, to promote green transformation of the agricultural production mode become the focus of attention. In 2015 of Fifth plenary session of the 18th central committee, "green" was listed as one of the five big idea of achieving the goal of the 13th five-year plan. In 2017, No 1 central document and the ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs proposed to attach great importance to the green high quality supply of agricultural products, to vigorously develop the green agriculture in the prominent position, to speed up green transformation of the agricultural production mode, to promote supply-side structural reforms. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that to promote the development of green agriculture in our country was a profound revolution of agricultural development, and was also the future direction of China's agricultural supply-side structural reforms. Green became the internal development requirement of modern agriculture, as well as the important component of the construction of ecological civilization. Therefore, how to promote the production mode from conventional production to green production is a subject to be solved. Although many studies have shown that the green production can gain more considerable income, achieve the goal of expected utility maximization. But the longterm conventional agriculture has constituted agricultural system which is not only conventional production technological dependence, and forms a corresponding the culture system, concept system, social expectation. This universal system becomes a socialized or logical logic, has great constraint force, moulds the way the agricultural management entities think, requires the use of the conventional production mode in pursuit of social recognition and to satisfy the legitimacy, and regulates the production behavior of the agricultural management entities. In this context, the conventional production has legitimacy, and green transformation will be faced with the dilemma of lack of legitimacy, which hinders the green transformation of production mode. This study bases on the legitimacy theory of the institutional school, tries to use legitimacy as a breakthrough point, reveals the dilemma of legitimacy of the production mode transformation of the agricultural management entities, shows how green production operators obtain the legitimacy, and explores the legitimacy impact on the organizational performance. Specifically, this study delves into the following three questions: (1) what has a significant influence on the agricultural management entities’s intention and behavior of production mode transformation; (2) how green production operators deal with the constraints;(3) whether the acquisition of legitimacy is benefit green production operators to improve the organization performance. First of all, what has a significant influence on the agricultural management entities’ intention and behavior of production mode transformation? Using the qualitative research methods to analyze the legitimacy of conventional production and the influence on the green production transformation in the institutional environment. Through reading literature, this study finds that at present most researchers analyze green transformation based on the assumption of economic man, think that the agricultural management entities are engaged in the green production for the sake of benefit maximization, and ignore the fact that the agricultural management entities as a social person pursue social identity. In other words, although the new things can often improve the efficiency or increase the utility, the new things also face questioning and unacceptable conditions. In our existing system environment, the conventional production has more legitimacy. And green production is at an early stage of development, is lack of legitimacy, is hard to gain recognition, thus restricts the production mode transformation. The legitimacy includes regulatory legitimacy, normative legitimacy, cognitive legitimacy. The conventional production legitimacy as a constraint, therefore, hinders green transformation of the production mode. Through 41 conventional production operators, this paper expounds the influence of legitimacy on green transformation of the production mode. Second, whether the legitimacy has a significant influence on the agricultural management entities’ intention and behavior of production mode transformation? This paper validates the influence of legitimacy on green transformation intention and behavior by the quantitative research methods. Based on the questionnaire survey of 330 conventional production operators and 112 green production operators, this paper uses respectively multiple linear regression analysis and binary logistic regression to validate the influence of legitimacy on green transformation intention and behavior. The results show that under the current institutional environment, regulatory legitimacy, normative legitimacy and cognitive legitimacy have negative influence on green transformation intention and behavior. Third, how green production operators deal with the constraints? The green transformation inevitably faces with the lack of legitimacy and the institutional environment stress. This paper adopts the case study method, analyses four green farms, and expounds the strategies how green production operators obtain regulatory legitimacy, normative legitimacy, cognitive legitimac. The study finds that green production operators gain regulatory legitimacy through the authority confirmation and the elements acquisition; gain normative legitimacy through the shock, the participatory guarantee systems and the credibility construction; gain cognitive legitimacy through the imitation mechanism, the image creation, the personal characteristics. Finally, whether the legitimacy acquisition is benefit green production operators to improve the organization performance, and how to affect the organization performance? Legitimacy as a social judgment of appropriateness, acceptance and desirability, becomes a kind of important resources which help the organization obtain other resources. The growth of the resources can help organizations gain performance. The higher the organization legitimacy is acquired, the more the resources obtain. And the more the resources obtain, the more the organization performance gains. Therefore, the resource obtainment plays an intermediary role between the organizational performance and the legitimacy acquisition. This paper aims at the questionnaire survey of 112 green production operators, uses the multiple linear regression analysis and bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method to analyze the relations among the legitimacy acquisition, the resource obtainment and the organization performance. The result shows that the legitimacy acquisition has significant positive influence on the gain of organization performance; the legitimacy acquisition has significant positive influence on resource obtainment; the resource obtainment plays an intermediary role between the organizational performance and the legitimacy acquisition. Overall, this paper breaks the previous research perspective of economic theory which bases on the assumption of economic man, adopts the legitimacy theory from the institution perspective to explain the influence of the legitimacy on the production mode transformation, discusses the strategies of legitimacy acquisition, and achieves the following progress: (1) most previous studies adopt the economic perspective to analyze agricultural production mode transformation, insist the sake of benefit maximization, ignore the fact that legitimacy of green production is lack in the early development stage, and has certain ground-breaking; (2) using the qualitative research method to explore the"legitimacy" of the conventional production mode in institution environment in, as well as, its influence to the green transformation, and using the quantitative research method to examine the influence; (3) this paper illustrates how the green production operators acquire the legitimacy under the lack of legitimacy and the institutional environment stress, and the obtainment strategies of regulatory legitimacy, normative legitimacy, cognitive legitimacy for green production operators; (4) this paper validates the relations among the legitimacy acquisition, resource obtainment and organization performance, specifically, legitimacy acquisition by helping green production operators to obtain resources, improves the organization performance. As a result, the legitimacy acquisition is of great significance for the existence and development of green production operators. Key words: agricultural management entities; green transformation; legitimacy theory