A²／O、SBR、氧化沟等活性污泥工艺是城镇污水处理厂的主流工艺，污泥微生物活性影响整个污水处理厂的运行性能。目前，以生活污水为主的城镇污水处理厂好氧单元污泥微生物群落结构与功能已有大量研究，而对处理含工业废水的城镇污水处理厂好氧池及其他生化单元的污泥微生物群落结构与功能研究相对较少。长三角地区经济快速发展，城镇污水处理厂工业废水占比高、处理难度大、排放要求严，研究其污泥微生物群落结构与功能对探索改善区域城镇污水处理厂工艺性能具有重要意义。 论文以浙江省3个不同类型城镇污水处理厂污泥为研究对象，对其各生化处理单元的常规污染物去除性能以及微生物群落结构在时间、空间上的变化情况进行了跟踪监测，并分析了各污水处理系统污泥优势菌群；同时，从进水组成、工艺类型特点以及季节变化等环境因素角度出发，系统分析了污泥微生物群落结构与工艺参数、环境因子间的相关性，初步解析不同类型污泥微生物群落的代谢潜能，以期为我国经济快速发展地区城镇污水处理厂的稳定运行与性能改善提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下： 1、分析杭州七格污水处理厂(处理生活污水)、绍兴污水处理厂(处理印染废水为主，兼生活污水)、上虞污水处理厂(处理精细化工废水为主、兼生活污水)的污染物去除性能发现，杭州七格污水处理厂生化处理单元COD去除率相对较高，稳定在90.5％-93.3％；绍兴污水处理厂生化处理单元COD去除率为80.0％-85.0％，而上虞污水处理厂生化处理单元COD去除率仅为41.2％-45.0％。在氨氮去除方面，杭州七格污水处理厂以及绍兴污水处理厂生化处理单元氨氮去除率均稳定在90.0％以上，上虞污水处理厂生化处理单元氨氮去除率在82.7％-90.2％之间。在总氮去除方面，各污水处理厂总氮去除率受进水水质影响较大，绍兴、上虞污水处理厂生化处理单元总氮去除率仅为41.4％-55.8％，远低于以生活污水为主的七格污水处理厂(67.0％-71.7％)。进一步分析不同污水处理厂进水水质组成发现，绍兴、上虞污水处理厂迸水中的非挥发性有机物种类分别达114种、84种，而以生活污水为主的杭州七格污水处理厂仅有40种。 2、分析各污水处理厂活性污泥微生物群落结构在时间、空间上的变化发现，A²／O和A／O工艺各生化处理单元污泥微生物群落结构相似，在门到科水平上，好氧池污泥微生物种群结构可代表整个生化处理单元的污泥微生物种群。同时发现，季节变化对污泥微生物种群结构在属水平上有显著的影响。与A²／O及A／O工艺相比，氧化沟工艺污泥微生物种群结构较为稳定。此外，生活污水处理系统中的污泥菌群结构随四季变化演替最为明显，除硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)相对稳定以外(平均丰度为6.16％)，春季假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、乳球菌(Lactococcus)分别占15.71％和32.16％，夏季暖绳菌(Caldilineaceae)占10.83％，秋季黄单胞菌(Xanthomonadales)占6.65％，冬季暖绳菌、Defluviicoccus分别占6.87％和4.77％。而处理精细化工、印染废水为主的城镇污水处理厂生化处理单元污泥微生物种群结构相对较为稳定，优势菌群主要为硝化螺菌、陶恶氏菌(Thauera)和硫杆菌(Thiobacillus)，其中硝化螺菌平均丰度分别为6.76％、 23.99％，陶恶氏菌平均丰度分别为8.70％、9.85％，硫杆菌平均丰度分别为8.93％、 3.68％。 3、应用PCoA、RDA、GLM等统计方法分析环境因子和工艺参数对污水处理厂污泥微生物种群结构影响发现，进水水质是决定污泥微生物种群结构的关键因子，不同的污水处理系统具有典型微生物种群，其影响与溶解氧有关。温度、pH值、进水可生化性、溶氧等参数对门水平上微生物种群变化的解释度为52.20％(P=0.002)，对属水平上微生物种群变化的解释度为40.30％(P=0.027)，表明上述参数因子对微生物种群有显著性影响。在门水平上，热微菌门(Thermomicrobia)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)对温度变化最为敏感(P=0.006，解释度为14.33％)；在属水平上，硝化螺菌和Saprospiraceae与COD、氨氮、总氮去除率成正相关性(P值分别为0.018和0.071，解释度为27.01％)；对进水pH值变化敏感且呈正相关性的微生物菌属为丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas)、脱硫球菌(Desulfococcus)和来自除硫单胞菌目(Desulfuromonadales)、Synergistaceae(P=0.003，解释度为16.00％)的微生物。综合分析来看，污水处理厂整体的运行性能与污泥微生物种群多样性呈显著的正相关，表征微生物种群多样性的香农指数对污水处理厂污染物(COD、BOD、总氮)去除率的独立解释度为53.70％(P=0.046)，可用作评价污水处理厂综合性能的重要指标之一。 4、应用PICRUSt和宏基因组测序技术分析代表性污泥样本微生物种群的功能基因及其代谢潜能发现，尽管不同污水处理系统的污泥微生物种群结构和污染物去除功能呈现显著差异，但其污泥微生物种群的代谢潜能(DNA层面)差异性不大。宏基医组测序分析结果显示。碳代谢功能基因丰度最为丰富，其在兼氧水解污泥中丰度最高达1.60％，在精细化工废水处理系统中丰度仅为1.23％；其次是碳固定相关的功能基因，其在兼氧水解单元污泥中丰度为0.72％、精细化工废水处理系统中为0.53％。与氮代谢有关的功能基因在印染废水处理系统的氧化沟污泥中丰度最高，可达0.06％，在兼氧水解池污泥中丰度最低，仅为0.03％。各污水处理厂生化处理单元的污泥菌群代谢差异主要体现在：以印染废水为主的处理系统的氧化沟污泥微生物种群在“外源性有机物-芳香化合物降解”、“脂肪酸降解”方面具有相对较高的代谢潜能，丰度分别为0.02％和0.22％；兼氧水解池污泥则在“碳代谢”、“硫代谢”以及“甲烷代谢”方面具有一定优势，其丰度分别为1.60％、0.03％和0.36％。进一步分析发现，特征污染物硝基苯等芳香烃化合物降解、氮代谢等与Caldilineaceae、Rhodobacteraceae、 Hyphomicrobiaceae等菌群有关，硫代谢、碳代谢等则与Geobacteraceae、 Desulfobacteraceae、Halothiobacillaceae、Desulfovibrionaceae、Desulfuromonadaceae、 Synergistaceae、Comamonadaceae、Pseudomonadaceae、Xanthobacteraceae等菌群有关。 论文通过研究浙江省典型城镇污水处理厂污泥微生群落结构，揭示了不同类型污水处理系统中的优势菌群及其与主要环境因子和工艺参数的关系，并在代谢层面分析了不同污水处理系统中污泥菌群功能与代谢潜能差异，研究结果可为我国东部地区城镇污水处理厂提标改造、性能提升提供理论支撑。 关键词：城镇污水处理厂；活性污泥；微生物群落结构；代谢潜能

 Activated sludge (AS) processes like A²/O, SBR and oxidation ditch are the major processes at the most of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in China. Although many previous researches have proved that microbial community of activated sludge influences the performance of WWTPs, they only focus on domestic sewage treatment systems. However, the WWTPs located at eastern China usually receive plenty of industrial wastewater from their local industries, so these types of wastewater are dffucult to be treated effectively because of the existence of refractory organic pollutants. It is important to improve the process performance of WWTPs located at easten China via studying the microbial community of activated sludge at WWTPs treating different kinds of industrial wastewater. In this thesis, three typical WWTPs are chosen to study the pollutants removal performance and sludge microbial community of biological units, and the dominant microbes at different biological units are identified. At the same time, the correlation between sludge microbial community and environmental variables are analyzed, and the microbial metabolic potentials of different biological units are illustrated for providing the theory basis of stable operation and performance improvement of municiple WWTPs located at eastern China. The major results are presented as follows: 1.Analysis of pollutants removal performance at three typical WWTPs (domestic sewage treatment for Hangzhou Qige WWTP, textile-dyeing wastewater and domestic sewage treatment for Shaoxing WWTP, chemical industrial wastewater and domestic sewage treatment system for Shangyu WWTP). Results showed that the COD removal efficiency of biological unit at Qige WWTP was at 90.5%-93.3%. which was higher than 80%-85% of Shaoxing WWTP and 41,2%-45.0% of Shangyu WWTP In view of ammonia removal, the biological units at Qige WWTP and Shaoxing WWTP had the ammonia removal efficiency of more than 90.0%, but the ammonia removal efficiency of biological unit at Shangyu WWTP ranged from 82.7%-90.2%. Compared with the ammonia removal, the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was low. The TN removal efficiencies in Shaoxing and Shangyu WWTPs ranged from 41.4-55.8%, which were much lower than 67.0-71.7% of Qige WWTP. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis of influents at different WWTPs showed that there were almost 114 and 84 kinds of non-violatic organics at textile-dyeing and chemical industrial wastewaters, which were more than that of domestic sewage. 2.The variation of sludge microbial community at different biological units was analyzed, and results showed that the sludge microbial communities were similar from phylum level to genus level at each biological unit in A²/O and A/O processes. To a certain extent, it’s reasonable to consider the activated sludge (AS) at oxic unit as the representative of A/O and A²/O processes. At the same time, seasonal change had a strong impact on the microbial community of sludge, and the microbial community of sludge at the oxidation ditch (OD) was more stable between different seasons than those at A²/O and A/O processes, furthermore, the variaion of sludge microbial community was obvious at domestic sewage treatment system, and the dominant microbes were Pseudomonas (15.71%) and Lactococcus (32.16%) in spring, Caldilinea (10.83%) in summer, Xanthomonadales (6.65%) in autumn, and Caldilineaceae (6.87%) and Defluviicoccus (4.77%) in winter. Compared with domestic sewage treatment system, Nitrospira, Thauera and Thiobacillus were enriched in the textile-dyeing and chemical industrial wastewater treatment systems. Theirinto, the abundance of Nitrospira were 6.76% at chemical industrial wastewater treatment system and 23.99% at textile-dyeing wastewater treatment system, the abundance of Thauera were 8.70% at chemical industrial wastewater treatment system and 9.85% at textile-dyeing wastewater treatment system, and the abundance of Thiobacillus were 8.93% at chemical industrial wastewater treatment system and 3.68% at textile-dyeing wastewater treatment system. 3.The effect of environmental factors on the microbial community of sludge were studied using the statistic analysis of PCoA, RDA and GLM,and results showed that inflow characteristics was the primary factor which affects the microbial community of sludge. At the same time, the effect of process type was also improtant on the microbial community of sludge equal to the effect of dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, the influent temperature, pH, biodegradability (BOD/COD) had a significant influent on the microbial community of AS at phylum (P=0.002) and genera levels (P=0.007), and their degrees of explanation were 52.20% and 40.30%, respectively. At the phylum level, Thermomicrobia, Chlorobi and Bacteroidetes were positive significantly with the influent temperature (P=0.006), and Nitrospira and Saprospiraceae were positive with the removal efficiencies of COD,ammonia and TN at the genus level (P=0.018 and 0.071, respectively). The genera which were positive with pH were Comamonas, Desulfococcus, Desulfuromonadales and Synergistaceae (P=0.003. degree of explanation=16.00%). According to the above results, the whole operation performance of WWTPs was positive with the sludge biodiversity, and the Shannon index used to characterize the AS biodiversity could be used as a indicator for the performance of WWTPs (P=0.046, and degree of explanation for pollutants removal efficiencies is 53.7%). 4.The metabolic potentials of representative sludge samples were analyzed using PICRUSt and metagenomic sequencing technology. Compared with the obvious difference of sludge microbial community between biological units, there were little difference of sludge metabolic potentials. The results of metagenomic sequencing showed that the most abundant genes were related to the carbon metabolism, and its abundance ranged from 1.23% (biological unit at chemical wastewater treatment system) to 1.60% (anoxic hydrolysis unit). The second abundant genes were related to the carbon fixation, its abundance ranged from 0.53% (biological unit at chemical wastewater treatment system) to 0.72% (anoxic hydrolysis unit). In view of the genes related to nitrogen metabolism, they represented the highest (0.06%) at the OD of textile-dyeing wastewater treatment system, and represented the lowest (0.03%) at the anoxic hydrolysis unit. Furthermore, the sludge from OD of textile-dyeing wastewater treatment system represented the higher metabolic potentials in ‘degradation of xenobiotic aromatic organics'and ‘degradation of fatty acids', and the sludge from anoxic hydrolysis unit represented the higher metabolic potentials in ‘carbon metabolism', ‘sulfur metabolism' and ‘methane metabolism'. The main contributors for metabolism of nitrotoluene and aromatic compounds were Caldilineaceae, Rhodobacteraceae and Hyphomicrobiaceae, and the main contributors for metabolism of sulfur and carbon were Geobacteraceae, Desulfobacteraceae, Halothiobacillaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Desulfuromonadaceae, Synergistaceae, Syntrophaceae, Comamonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae. and Xanthobacteraceae. Altogether, the sludge microbial communities of the typical WWTPs in eastern China were investigated comprehensivelly,the relationship between sludge microbial community and process parameters were also revealed. At the same time, the metabolic potentials differences of sludge in different biological units were described in details. This work could contribute to the performance improvement of typical WWTPs in eastern china. Keywords: Municipal wastewater treatment plant; Activated sludge; Microbial community; Metabolic potential.