典型国家养老金制度经过第二次世界大战后的迅速发展期，在20世纪70年代开始面临制度内外的压力。经济社会发展态势的改变使得既有制度存续的环境发生改变，典型国家对养老金制度的发展形成了新的政策共识，并逐步付诸政策实践。另一方面，应对人口老龄化的影响成为典型国家政治生活中越来越重要的议题，养老保险制度经过了三个阶段改革后，延迟退休年龄政策成为典型国家应对人口老龄化趋势的主要选择。本研究在梳理和分析典型国家养老金制度的内容和趋势的基础上，结合人口老龄化对典型国家养老保险制度政策范式选择的影响，总结典型国家延迟退休年龄政策机制。 论文首先分析典型国家的养老金制度改革。通过总结各国养老金制度体系框架的完善，总结各国养老金制度发展的基本特点，并分析人口老龄化对经济社会发展的影响范围和方式的演变，提出在政党政治决定养老金政策取向的表象下，工会政治影响力的减弱，代际矛盾影响力提升，基于老龄人群诉求表达的利益集团成为影响政策选择的重要因素，并在结合不同国家政治传统和社会体制的差异下，各自发挥着影响。 其次，分析人口老龄化逐步深化的过程中养老金政策改革与延迟退休年龄政策内容的演变。延迟退休年龄政策并非典型国家改革的优先选择，从政策共识进入政策实践的过程在各国的政策演变中各有不同的原因和影响。立足于这种客观存在的差异性，本研究着重通过在养老金政策变迁中梳理养老金缴费率、收益替代率和缴费年限三个基本要素的调整，分析延迟退休年龄政策在典型国家不同改革阶段的目标。 在前述研究基础上，本研究从两个方面分析延迟退休年龄政策机制。一方面虽然不同阶段的改革目标不同，但都是在应对逐渐深化的人口老龄化趋势下展开，各个阶段之间存在内容逻辑上的延续性。在人口老龄化对社会经济没有造成实质性压力前，典型国家延迟退休年龄政策的目标是激发劳动力市场的活力；20世纪90年代后人口老龄化已经对养老金体系产生压力，延迟退休年龄政策作为养老金改革的重要组成部分正式进入典型国家政策实践；进入21世纪后人口老龄化对社会经济发展产生全方位压力，政策应对不再仅仅局限在具体领域，延迟退休年龄政策成为不同领域政策调整结合的通道。 另一方面，典型国家不同阶段延迟退休年龄政策改革的区别不仅在于内容，还在于政策选择及其功能。虽然延迟退休年龄政策最初是作为劳动力市场政策调控的辅助工具之一出现，政策功能相对单一；但是随着养老金制度在社会政策领域重要性日渐提升，延迟退休年龄政策也获得相应的重视，其政策发展与养老金制度的内部改革紧密相关，政策内容得到了拓展，功能较之前更为完善；而当典型国家人口老龄化对整体社会经济运行造成压力，养老金制度不足以化解老龄社会风险时，延迟退休年龄政策成为将养老金制度与整个社会经济制度结合的通道，延迟退休年龄政策的发展开始侧重于从功能上促进老龄化社会治理框架下的制度整合，延迟退休年龄政策选择强调了对于社会治理结构的指向性作用。 中国同样面对人口老龄化的挑战，而人口规模和经济发展现实决定了中国人口老龄化的压力势必更大，在延迟退休年龄政策势在必行的情况下，不仅要丰富政策内容，更需要考虑到不同阶段政策功能选择的合理性，从内容和功能选择两个层面完善延迟退休年龄政策。本研究认为，中国延迟退休年龄政策的构建和完善需要以制度规范国家集体和个人的责权关系分配，确立工龄、缴费资格年限、退休年龄与养老金替代率之间的关系；准确定位退休制度，明确延迟退休年龄政策的核心目标是在制度整合的基础上扩大经济活动人口。 关键词：延迟退休年龄政策 养老金制度 人口老龄化 政策选择及其功能养老金缴费年限

 The pension system of typical nations came across the increasing pressure from both inside and outside of the system after a rapid progress since the end of world war II until 1970S. The changes within the condition of society and economy had an impact towards the system, hence new policy consensus had been discovered and put into policy practice, while the issue of aging population had become increasingly important in the political area of typical nations. After three stages of reform, postponing retirement age become the common choice across different nations. This article discovers the policy mechanism by concluding the content of the reforms and analyzing the trend of the reforms combining the impact from the population aging towards the policy paradigm of typical nations. Firstly, this article concludes the reforms on pension system under the background of the deepening of population aging. By summing up the perfection of the system framework of pension system in various countries, summing up the basic characteristics of the development of pension system in various countries, and analyzing the evolution of the scope and mode of the impact of population aging on economic and social development, this paper puts forward that under the appearance of party politics deciding the orientation of pension policy, the political influence of trade unions is weakened, interest groups based on the claims of the elderly have become an important factor influencing policy choices, and have each played an impact in the context of differences in the political traditions and social systems of different countries. Secondly, it analyzes the evolution of pension policy reform and delayed retirement age policy in the process of deepening population aging. The policy of delaying retirement age is not a priority in typical national reform, and the process of entering policy practice from policy consensus has different causes and effects in the evolution of national policies. Based on this objective difference, this study focuses on the adjustment of the three basic elements of pension contribution rate, income substitution rate and contributory life in the change of pension policy, and analyzes the goal of delaying retirement age policy in different reform stages in typical countries. On the basis of the aforementioned research, this study analyzes the policy mechanism of delayed retirement age from two aspects. On the one hand, although the reform objectives of different stages are different, they are carried out in response to the deepening trend of population aging, and there is a logical continuity of content between the various stages. Until the ageing of the population does not create substantial social and economic pressure, the goal of the policy of delaying retirement age in typical countries is to stimulate the vitality of the labour market; After the 1990s, population ageing has put pressure on the pension system, and the policy of delaying retirement age has formally entered typical national policy practice as an important part of pension reform; After entering the 21st century, population aging has put all-round pressure on social and economic development, policy response is no longer confined to specific areas, and the policy of delaying retirement age has become a conduit for the combination of policy adjustment in different fields. Based on the research above, this article discovers the policy mechanism of postponing retirement age from two aspects. Even different stage of reform had taken place under certain condition and had been set for certain result, but they are all under the same trend of population aging, there could be a logically continuity among the all timereforms through the contents. Before population aging could made a substantial pressure, the reform in typical nations set the target of reform on stimulating vitality on the labor market. By the 1990s, population aging had brought pressure on the pension system, as a part of the reform, postponing retirement age formally became policy instead of being left to political discussion. In 21〓 century population aging has been a bigger issue than it ever had been for society and economy, any policy response from single aspect has limited effect, the comprehensive policy framework towards the population aging is necessary and postponing retirement age could be the path to overcome the barriers among policy areas. On the other hand, the difference between the policy reform of delayed retirement age at different stages in typical countries lies not only in content, but also in policy choice and its function. Although the policy of delayed retirement age was originally developed as one of the auxiliary tools for the regulation of labour market policy, the policy function is relatively single, but with the increasing importance of pension system in the field of social policy, the policy of delaying retirement age has been paid more attention, and its policy development is closely related to the internal reform of pension system. The policy content has been expanded, the function is more perfect than before, and when the population aging in a typical country puts pressure on the overall social and economic operation, and the pension system is not enough to solve the risk of aging society, the policy of delaying retirement age becomes the channel to combine the pension system with the whole social and economic system. The development of the delayed retirement age policy began to focus on the functional promotion of institutional integration under the framework of social governance of ageing, and the policy choice of delayed retirement age emphasized the directional role of social governance structures. China also faces the challenge of aging population, and the population size and economic development reality determine that the pressure of China's aging population is bound to be greater, in the case of delayed retirement age policy is imperative, not only to enrich the policy content, but also to take into account the rationality of the choice of policy functions at different stages, The policy of delaying retirement age is perfected from two levels of content and function selection. This study holds that the construction and improvement of China's delayed retirement age policy needs to regulate the distribution of the relationship between the collective and individual responsibility of the State by system, establish the relationship between the length of service, the number of years of contributory service, the retirement age and the rate of pension replacement, and accurately locate the retirement system, The central objective of the policy of defining delayed retirement age is to expand the economically active population on the basis of institutional integration. Key words: Delayed retirement age policy Pension system Aging population The choice and the fuction of policy Payment time