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基于专利路线图的中国高铁产业“走出去”发展策略研究
中文摘要

通过在自主创新方面所取得的一系列成果和突破,高速铁路的相关产品和技术已形成了中国产业“走出去”的崭新名片,并逐渐成为新时代助推国家经济持续发展的重要动力之一。目前在中国国内的高铁发展已经实现了建设里程最长、服务客流最大、运行速度最快、轨道车辆投入最多、环境适应性最强等诸多目标,这也使得中国高铁逐渐具备了前往国际市场参与激烈竞争的底气和实力。但值得注意的是,知识产权问题是影响海外高铁产业持续发展的重要影响因素,主要体现为中国高铁在走出去过程中同时面临着先发国家的“专利陷阱”和后发国家的“模仿风险”。 为解决上述这一问题,本研究主要运用了专利路线图的相关理论及方法,并以中国高速铁路轨道技术及相关产业为例,按照“专利总体情况——竞争状态及态势——专利生命周期分析及导航——市场布局排序及选择”的总体思路展开研究。因此,本文梳理和发展了专利路线图的相关理论,提出了产业总体发展、专利竞争状态和竞争态势、专利生命周期、市场布局等不同类型专利路线图的构建及应用方法。通过分析发现了中国高铁轨道相关产业所面临的潜在机会及风险。最后,结合中国高铁产业发展的实际情况,本文提出了产业相关的专利发展策略及“走出去”战略规划对策建议。本文的创新点主要包括: (1)基于高铁产业总体专利路线图,选取了五个专利维度对高速铁路轨道技术领域专利信息展开了分析,并对比了中国及国外专利布局的总体发展情况。由分析结果得出结论认为中国高铁产业目前在国际专利布局中的地位差距明显,中国企业需加强海外专利战略; (2)基于高铁产业专利竞争状态路线图和专利态势路线图,根据该框架对高铁轨道技术领域展开了专利地图和文本挖掘分析,然后分析了该技术领域中的竞争状态,最后对产业在未来发展阶段中的竞争态势的发展走向进行了分析,由分析结果得出了国际高铁轨道技术领域中的竞争态势发展及中国企业应对策略等结论; (3)基于高铁产业专利生命周期路线图,结合技术生命周期理论主要分析了中国与国际高铁产业总体专利布局的发展生命周期,同时就中国与国际优先发展的技术领域和重点关注的专利申请人选择展开了对比分析和评价,由分析结果得出了中国高铁产业目前应当推进技术更新换代和扶持重点企业发展等结论; (4)基于高铁产业市场布局专利路线图,设计了市场发展能力的评价指标体系,根据该评价指标体系对“一带一路”沿线各个主要国家的市场发展能力做出了评价,并基于聚类分析和主成分分析法对产业进入和市场布局选择进行了分析,由分析结果得出了中国高铁产业需要根据沿线国家市场发展情况分批次选择进入等结论。 关键词:专利路线图;技术路线图;高速铁路轨道;产业发展;“走出去”战略

英文摘要

Through a series of achievements in independent innovation and breakthrough, the products and techniques of high-speed railway have become the new business card of Chinese industry "going-out" process, and gradually become one of the important power that boost the sustainable development of national economy in the new era. At present, the domestic high-speed railway development in China has achieved many goals such as the longest construction mileage, the largest passenger flow volume, the fastest running speed, the most railway vehicles in service and the greatest environmental adaptability. It also makes China's high-speed rail industry has the confidence and ability to engaged in the fierce competition in international market. But it is worth noting that the intellectual property problems is the key factor which influences the overseas sustainable development of high-speed railway industry, and it is mainly embodied that the China's high-speed railway industry is facing the "patent trap" of the first developed countries and the "imitation risk" of the late-start countries in the process of "going-out". To resolve the above realistic problem, this study mainly uses the related theory and method of patent roadmap, and conducts the study process based on the overall research framework including the overall patent development, competition condition and situation, patent life cycle analysis for patent navigation and market layout selection. Therefore, this article develops the patent roadmap theory, then it takes the Chinese high speed railway track (HSRT) technology as a case and puts forward different kinds of roadmapping and application methods which are about the overall industry patent roadmap, the patent competition condition roadmap, the patent competition situation roadmap, the industry patent life-cycle roadmap and the industrial market layout oriented patent roadmap. Through analysis it finds the potential opportunities and risks that the Chinese HSRT industry will meet. Finally, this article puts forward the strategy suggestions on the industry development and its "going out" process combining with the actual situation of China's HSRT industry. In this research, the main innovations include the following aspects: (1)Based on the overall industry patent roadmap of the HSRT, five dimension of patent are selected and the patent information of the HSRT technology is analyzed. In addition, it is compared that the difference of the overall patent layout development between the China and the foreign. From the analysis results it draws conclusions that the status gap in the international patent layout is obvious and the Chinese enterprises need to strengthen the international patent strategy. (2)Based on the patent competition condition roadmap and the patent competition situation roadmap, this study analyzes the HSRT technology by using patent map and text mining. Then in this technology field the patent competition condition and situation in the future industry development are analyzed, and it draws the conclusions on how will the worldwide HSRT industry competition develop and what measures can the Chinese enterprises takes. (3)Based on the industry patent life-cycle roadmap, this study compares the difference of the HSRT technology development between the China and the foreign by combining with the technology life cycle theory. And the priority areas of technology and the key patent applicants in worldwide are also evaluated. From the analysis results it draws conclusions that the Chinese HSRT industry should promote technological upgrading and support the development of key enterprises. (4)Based on the industrial market layout oriented patent roadmap, this study designs the evaluation index system of market development capacity. And according to the evaluation indexes, this study evaluates the market of the countries along the route of "the Belt and Road", then analyzes the election of industry enter and market layout by using the cluster analysis and principal component analysis method. From the analysis result, it draws conclusions that the Chinese HSRT industry needs to choose to enter in the countries along the routes according to their market development situation. Keywords: patent roadmap, technology roadmap, high-speed railway track, industrial development, "going-out" strategy

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