近几十年来随着乡村旅游的迅速发展，旅游开发一定程度上成为传统村落遗产保护与发展的有效途径，使得传统村落就业方式、产业结构、社会结构等都发生了重要变化。本研究关注旅游发展对乡村旅游目的地传统手工艺和当地社会的影响，选取云南省大理州鹤庆县新华银匠村和鹤庆银匠大量聚集的拉萨北郊加工市场夺底村为案例地，综合运用参与和非参与观察、访谈以及文献资料收集法等方法，在梳理新华村旅游业与银器市场体系相互交织影响的发展历程基础上，探究手艺人的流动机制变迁，银器流动过程中的产品体系、功能和象征意义变迁，以及乡村市场体系变迁、社会结构重构等。本文得出以下主要结论： (1)旅游发展促进了传统手工艺在现代市场体系下的活态传承和复兴。旅游发展影响下形成了以南邑村为中心，带动周边村寨，辐射全国甚至东南亚地区的银器市场体系；新华村手工艺品从民族地区走向了汉族地区的主流市场；新华村旅游目的地形象“银都水乡”广为传播，让新华村从旅游纪念品生产地转变成旅游目的地；人们对新华村的认识经历了“白族传统手工艺”到“民间工艺传承地”的转变，吸引了全国各地的银器经销商前来进货。而且当地形成了灵活多样的生产模式，既有大量家庭作坊，也有少量工厂管理模式，同时发展形成了完整的银器加工产业链，使得传统手工艺品既成功实现了大批量的商品化生产，又同时保持手工制作的原真性。这充分体现了旅游发展对传统手工艺在现代市场体系下的活态传承和复兴有积极促进作用。 (2)旅游发展影响下手艺人的流动方向和机制发生变迁，手艺人大量回流，内生性网络发挥更主要的作用，外延性网络的作用下降。旅游发展后，作为旅游开发主体村落的南邑村手艺人回流明显。手艺人流动的社会网络主要由内生性网络和外延性网络构成。旅游发展前，手艺人在进行迁移和市场开拓时主要依靠内生性网络，但市场的进一步发展和维持则主要依靠外延性网络，迁移时间越久，外延性网络的作用越关键。旅游发展影响下，手艺人无论是在市场开拓期还是发展期，内生性网络都发挥着主要作用，外延性网络的作用下降。 (3)旅游发展影响下民族手工艺品从少数民族市场转向主流大众市场，产品体系、功能和意义发生变迁。旅游发展影响下新华村的白族银器产品从西南民族地区走向了汉族地区的主流市场，产品体系在原有少数民族地区的民族首饰、生活用品、宗教礼佛器具基础上，增加了大量的旅游商品和面向高端人群的收藏品。面对不同身份的消费者，银器呈现出多元化意义。对西南少数民族而言是奢侈品，是财富、地位的象征；对游客而言是旅游纪念品，成为游客“角色”转换、自我表达和游客地位转变的象征；对主流市场的高端人群而言是收藏品和艺术品，是地位的象征和品味区隔的符号。同时，银器在不同的旅游消费场域被贴上不同族群的商品化符号，发生了族群符码的商品化转换。 (4)旅游发展影响下乡村旅游目的地形成了新的专业市场体系，同时强化了传统乡村市场体系的功能。旅游发展前，乡村旅游目的地周边传统的市场体系符合施坚雅的三级体系划分；旅游发展影响下本地的市场体系发生变化，传统乡村市场体系继续运行的同时，形成了以旅游目的地为中心的新的银器专业市场体系。新华村成为新市场体系的生产中心和销售中心，是整个体系的核心市场，周边村落为中间市场，最终将银器销售给消费者的景区、城市卖场为外围市场。同时，新形成的专业市场体系与传统乡村市场体系并行发展，在一定程度上促进了乡村市场的繁荣，强化了传统市场体系的功能。 (5)旅游发展引起了乡村旅游目的地社会结构的重构，当地社会结构表现出新的特征。旅游影响下旅游目的地形成新的专业市场体系，引起当地乡村社会结构的重构，主要表现出四个方面的特征：一是形成了以旅游目的地为中心辐射全国的跨地域专业市场体系；二是市场体系的领导者不再是中间市场的乡绅，而是少数的批发商；三是市场网络与社会网络交织但不重合，基于生产协作和市场交易的业缘网络广泛存在，通婚圈范围缩小；四是形成了新的市场共同体运行体制，市场共同体兼具内聚性与外向性特征。 (6)旅游发展使得目的地社区实现了“中心—边缘”格局与乡村空心化的双重逆转。旅游发展影响下，乡村旅游目的地社区形成了手工艺产业各生产要素的在地集结，以“同乡同业”的经济形式发展起全国性的跨地域专业市场体系，实现了“城市中心—乡村边缘”格局的逆转。同时表现出乡村空心化的反向特征，手艺人回流，目的地社区既是生产中心，又是劳动力、原材料、工具和银器产品的集散中心。 本研究回应了旅游对传统手工艺发展影响的争议，表明旅游可促进传统手工艺在现代市场体系下的活态传承与复兴，而且传统手工艺品还可以在商品化发展的同时保持原真性；研究探讨旅游开发后目的地市场体系和社会结构转型，也在一定程度上丰富了以往旅游影响研究的视角。最后，以往关于中国乡村的研究都以农业作为主要生计方式为前提，相对忽视了以手艺为主、农业为辅的乡村社会研究，本研究关注以手工业为主要生计方式的流动的手工艺社会，也在一定程度上丰富了中国乡村研究。 关键词：旅游影响；民族旅游社区；乡村市场；社会网络；手工艺

 With the rapid development of rural tourism in recent decades, tourism development has to a certain extent become an effective way to protect and develop the heritage of traditional villages, which has made important changes in the employment, industrial structure and social structure of traditional villages. This study focuses on the impact of tourism development on traditional handicrafts and local society in rural tourism destinations. The northern suburb handicrafts market of Duodi village of Lhasa and Xinhua Silversmith Village, Heqing County, Dali, Yunnan Province were selected as the cases. By comprehensively using participation and non-participation observation, interviews and document data collection methods, examine the coordinated development of tourism and handicraft industries, observe the changes of the mobility mechanism of the craftsman, the transition of the product system and function and the symbolic meaning of the silverware, the changes of the rural market system and the social reconstruction mechanism, this article draws the following main conclusions: (1)The development of tourism can promote the inheritance and revival of traditional handicraft under the modern market system. Under the influence of tourism development, a silverware market system was formed around Nanyi Village, driving peripheral villages, and radiating to the entire country and even Southeast Asia. After the development of tourism, the market of Xinhua handicrafts Village moved from the ethnic areas to the main market of the Han areas; the “Silver Village” brand of the Xinhua Village tourism destination became widely known, furthermore, Xinhua Village was transformed from a souvenir production place to a tourist destination. The image of Xinhua Village has undergone the huge changes from "traditional handicrafts of Bai" to "cultural heritage of folk crafts", which has attracted silverware dealers across the country. Moreover, a flexible and diverse production model has been formed in the region, with a large number of family workshops and a small number of factory management models. At the same time, a complete silver processing industry chain has been developed. The traditional handicraft not only realizes the commercial production in large quantities, but also keeps authenticity at the same time. This fully reflects that tourism development positively pushes the inherence and revival of traditional handicrafts under the modern market system. (2)Under the development of tourism, the flow direction and mechanism of craftsman changed, the craftsman returned in large quantities, the endogenous network played a more important role, and the influence of the extended networks has decline. After the development of tourism, the craftsmen of Nanyi village returned obviously. Mobile social networks of craftsmen are mainly composed of endogenous networks and extended networks. Before the development of tourism, migration and market development of craftsmen mainly rely on endogenous networks. However, the further development and maintenance of the market mainly depends on the extended network. The longer time of migration is, the more important is extended network. With the tourism industries developing, endogenous networks keep playing a major role as a new market emerges and develop. As for the effect of the extension network, it has been weak. (3)Under the development of tourism, handicraft products have shifted from minority markets to the mainstream mass market, and product systems, functions, and implied meanings have changed. With tourism development. Xinhua Village's silverware has moved from the southwestern ethnic areas to the mainstream markets of the Han. The product system has added a large number of tourism souvenirs and High-end tea sets and other collectibles plus ethnic jewelry, daily necessities, and religious rituals and Buddhist apparatus of the original ethnic products. To satisfy different identities of consumers' needs, silverware presents pluralistic implied meanings. For the ethnic minorities market of the southwest, it is luxury goods, symbol of wealth and status; for tourists, it is tourist souvenir, symbol of the “Tailored” service for self-expression, and changed status of tourists; for high-profile tourists, it is Collections and Artworks. Meanwhile, silverware was labeled differently in different tourism consumption groups, and realizes commercialization of Symbology. (4)The development of tourism has encourages the formation of a new professional market system, and at the same time, it strengthens the traditional rural market system. Before the development of tourism, the traditional market system surrounding rural tourism destinations conformed to the three-tier system division of William Skinner. With the development of tourism, the local market system has changed, a new silverware specialized market system centered on tourist destinations has been formed. The newly formed professional market system has developed in parallel with the traditional rural market system, which has, to some certain extent, promoted the prosperity of the rural market and strengthened the function of the traditional market system. (5)Tourism development has caused the reconstruction of the social structure of rural tourism destination, and the local social structure has shown new characteristics. The new specialized market system formed with the development of tourism and has affected the basic structure of local rural society. Therefore, this shows the following characteristics: First, the formation of a cross-regional professional market system around tourism destinations; Second, the leaders of the market are no longer the intermediates, but a small group of wholesalers; Third, both market network and social network have undergone changes. The two networks are still intertwined but no longer coincide with each other. The network of industry has been expanded while the scope of the marriage circle has been narrowed down. Fourth, the market community has characters of cohesiveness and extraversion. (6)The development of tourism has enabled the destination community to achieve the changes of “urban centralization-rural Marginalization” relationship pattern, and demonstrate the inverse of hollow village. With the tourism industries developed, the rural tourism destination community formed the local assembly of various production factors of the handicraft industry, and developed a national cross-regional professional market system in the economic form of “hometown recognition”. The pattern of “ urban centralization-rural Marginalization” has been reversed. At the same time, the destination community shows the inverse of hollow village. The craftsmen of returned obviously, and the destination community is both a production center and a distribution center for labor, raw materials, tools, and silverware products. This study responds to the controversy over the impact of tourism on the development of traditional handicrafts, indicating that tourism can promote the inheritance and revival of traditional handicraft under the modern market system; researching and exploring the transformation of destination market system and social structure with tourism development, and also enhanceing past tourism impact studies to some extent. In the end, previous research on Chinese rural areas paid more attention to the main ways of livelihood on the premise of agriculture, relatively neglected the rural society based on handicrafts. This study enriched Chinese rural studies by focusing on the villages which living hood is mainly depending on commercial handicrafts. Key Words: Tourism Impact; Ethnic Tourism Communities; Rural Market; Social Networks; Handicraft