随着翻译研究的不断发展，研究重心逐渐从语言的内部研究扩展至语言的外部研究。近年来翻译研究中的“文化转向”将翻译研究置于更大的社会文化背景中去进行。作为操纵学派的代表人物之一，安德烈·勒菲弗尔(André Lefevere)在其著作《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》(1992)中提出了“操纵理论”。勒菲弗尔认为，翻译主要受到三个方面的影响，即意识形态、诗学和赞助人，即注重译语社会中的历史、文化和政治等因素对翻译的影响。 晚清的翻译作品由于译者的随意增删，往往被认为是不忠实的翻译。然而，正是这种所谓“不忠实”的翻译却对当时社会的政治和文化产生了深远的影响。严复翻译的《社会通诠》即为一例。严复(1854-1921)是中国近代伟大的翻译家，他的翻译作品在中国翻译史上具有划时代的意义。他先后译出了多种重要的西方社会科学著作，率先把西方的学术思想系统地引进中国。相对于严复的其他译作，目前对《社会通诠》的系统研究相对较少。在《社会通诠》中，严复除了使用增加、删减、文化转换等方法外，还加了大量按语，将其个人的社会思想和政治观点交织于译文之中，以期实现其政治目的。如果用“忠实”和“对等”的翻译原则来评判严复的译文，这种翻译无疑是不符合传统翻译观的。而勒菲弗尔提出的操纵理论则能很好地解释这一现象。 本文拟以勒菲弗尔的操纵理论为基础，对严复翻译的《社会通诠》进行研究。将《社会通诠》置于当时具体的历史、政治、文化等背景中，运用文献分析法，探求意识形态、诗学和赞助人在翻译过程中是如何操纵翻译目的、文本选材、翻译策略以及译文读者的。同时还探讨了严复作为译者对于意识形态、诗学和赞助人的反操纵。 本文通过研究发现，严复所译《社会通诠》体现出了意识形态、诗学和赞助人这三个方面都对翻译进行了一定程度的操纵。意识形态方面，严复的翻译动机、翻译选材、翻译策略和方法、目标读者等都在翻译过程中受其操纵。诗学主要影响严复在其译作《社会通诠》中的语言运用，具体体现在三个方面，即语言风格、句法特征和词汇特征。赞助人方面，郭嵩焘对于严复的影响主要是意识形态方面的。在留学期间同郭嵩焘的交往中，严复受到鼓励，转而学习西方社会的政治和文化等，因此得以接触到西方国家的一些重要思想家。作为赞助人，吴汝纶帮助严复提升了在文学界的地位，因此在地位方面影响了严复。但同时他也是文学界的专业人士，因此在诗学方面也对严复产生了影响。张元济主要在意识形态方面影响了严复，他们都有着“翻译报国”的志向，因此在意识形态方面是一致的。同时张元济对于严复的译作给予高额版税，因此也在经济方面影响着严复。商务印书馆不仅在意识形态方面影响着译者和译作，而且在经济上给予译者物质保障，同时还通过译作不断提升了严复的文学地位。 而严复作为译者，通过发挥其译者主体性，也对意识形态、诗学有一定程度的反操纵。意识形态方面，严复不赞同洋务派提出的“中学为体，西学为用”的思想，同时极力反对“排外”和“排满”这种激进思想。诗学方面，虽然严复深受桐城派的影响，但在其翻译过程中经常会使用一些和桐城派语言特征不符的先秦句法；严复还习惯在译作中加大量按语和评语，促进了中国传统翻译诗学的发展。而《社会通诠》自问世以来也对中国社会的意识形态和诗学产生了一定的影响。其阐发的政治思想引起了不同党派之间的争论，开阔了中国人民的认知，影响了当时的社会意识形态。此外，严复在《社会通诠》中创造的一些语言表达方式逐渐融入中国文化并成为其中的一部分，丰富了汉语语言，因此《社会通诠》在一定程度上也影响了中国社会的诗学。 本文从操纵理论的角度研究严复所译《社会通诠》，其视角超越了单纯从语言层面的考虑，将翻译活动置于具体的历史、政治和文化等环境中，探讨隐藏背后的具体操纵因素。这不仅能够解释翻译中的“不忠”现象，完善翻译批评理论，也能为翻译史的编写提供一些资料。本文在写作过程中也体现出了一些不足之处。首先，该论文中有多处中文引文，在将它们翻译成英文时，本文旨在忠实地传达原文最重要的思想，有时不可避免地牺牲了原作的优雅度和流利度，甚至忽略了一些不太重要的观点。其次，根据勒菲弗尔的理论，赞助人既能促进翻译的进行，也能阻碍其进展。本文就《社会通诠》分析了赞助人的积极影响；因未有足够的资料支持，对于赞助人的负面影响，本文并没有进行探讨。随着翻译研究的不断发展，希望越来越多的学者对此能够进行更加系统和深入的研究。 关键词：操纵；反操纵；《社会通诠》

 With the development of translation studies, the research focus gradually extends from the internal study of language to the external study of language. In recent years, the “cultural turn” has placed the translation studies in a larger social and cultural context. As a representative of the Manipulation School, Andre Lefevere put forward the Manipulation Theory in his work Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame in 1992. Lefevere maintained that translation is mainly influenced by three main factors, that is, ideology, poetics and patronage. The Manipulation Theory emphasizes the influences of the historical, cultural and political factors on translation in the target society. The translations in the late Qing Dynasty are often considered by some scholars as “unfaithful” because the translators always added or deleted the contents. However, such translations had made a profound impact on the politics and culture in the society at that time. Yan Fu’s Chinese translation of A Short History of Politics, Shehui Tongquan, is such an example. Yan Fu (1854-1921) was a great translator in modern China and his translations were epoch-making in the Chinese translation history. Yan Fu translated many Western works of social sciences and was a pioneer in systematically introducing the Western learning to China. Compared to Yan Fu’s other translated works, there are few systematic studies of Yan Fu’s Chinese translation of A Short History of Politics. Besides additions, deletions and cultural adaptions, Yan Fu also added many annotations in Shehui Tongquan to express his own political ideas in order to eventually fulfil his political aims. This may seem unreasonable according to the traditional translation standard of “faithfulness” and “equivalence”, but Andre Lefevere’s Manipulation Theory can provide a new insight to explain this. With Andre Lefevere’s Manipulation Theory as the theoretical framework, the dissertation intends to study Yan Fu’s Chinese translation of A Short History of Politics. Through documentary analysis, this dissertation probes into the manipulative factors such as ideology, poetics and patronage that influence Yan Fu’s translation motivations, Yan Fu’s choice of the source text, the translation strategies and the target readers under the historical, political and cultural contexts. Another method used in this study is the descriptive method. It is more appropriate to adopt the descriptive method to evaluate Yan Fu’s Chinese translation of A Short History of Politics and investigate the reception of this work in a more objective way. Through detailed analysis it can be seen that Yan Fu’s Chinese translation of A Short History of Politics has reflected the manipulation of all the three factors, that is, ideology, poetics and patronage concerning Yan Fu’s translation activity. The ideology influences Yan Fu’s translation process including his translation motivations, his choice of the source text, his translation strategy and methods, his target readers and so on. Poetics mainly influences the language features of Shehui Tongquan from three aspects, that is, the language style, the syntactical features and the lexical features. In terms of patrons, Guo Songtao influenced Yan Fu mainly from the ideological respect. After exchanges with Guo Songtao several times during his studying abroad, Yan Fu was encouraged to study the politics and culture of the Western society, and was therefore exposed to the works of many Western thinkers. As a patron, Wu Rulun helped to elevate Yan Fu’s status in the literary circle, so he influenced Yan Fu from the status respect. But he was a professional of the literary circle at the same time, so he also influenced Yan Fu poetically. Zhang Yuanji and Yan Fu had similar ideology and they both hoped to save the country through translating the Western learning, so Zhang Yuanji influenced Yan Fu from the ideological respect. Moreover, Zhang Yuanji paid Yan Fu high royalties for his translations, so he also influenced Yan Fu economically. The Commercial Press not only influenced Yan Fu economically and ideologically, but also helped him to elevate the social status and become an eminent translator. As a translator, Yan Fu could exert his subjectivity to resist the manipulation of ideology and poetics to a certain degree. In the aspect of ideology, Yan Fu was did not agree with the idea of “Chinese learning as the base, Western learning for application” put forward by the Westernization Group. Yan Fu strongly opposed the radical thought of the exclusion of the foreigners and the Manchu. In the aspect of poetics, Yan Fu sometimes used the pre-Qin syntax that deviated from the language features of the Tongcheng School. Besides, Yan Fu often added a number of notes and commentaries in his translations to renovate the poetics of the traditional Chinese translation. In the meantime, Shehui Tongquan had also made certain impacts on ideology and poetics in the Chinese society. The political thoughts presented in this work produced political disputes between different parties, refreshed the Chinese people’s mind and influenced the social ideology. The language expressions coined by Yan Fu in this work were gradually integrated into the Chinese culture and became part of it. So Shehui Tongquan influenced the poetics in the Chinese society to a certain extent. This dissertation examines Yan Fu’s Chinese translation of A Short History of Politics from the perspective of the Manipulation Theory, which transcends the exploration of translation activities on the language level and probes into the manipulative factors that influence the translation activities under the historical, political and cultural contexts. This not only can explain the “unfaithfulness” phenomenon in translation and improve the translation criticism, but also can provide some materials for the compilation of translation history. However, this research still has some insufficiency which needs further efforts. Firstly, many quotations cited in this dissertation were originally written in Chinese. When translating them into English, this dissertation aims to faithfully convey the most important idea of the original, sometimes inevitably at the expense of elegance and grace of the original or even neglecting some less important points. Next, patronage can further or hinder the translation according to Lefevere’s theory. This dissertation mainly analyzes the positive impacts of the patronage in the creation and publication of Shehui Tongquan. Due to limitation of the materials, this dissertation does not discuss the negative impacts of the patronage. With continuous development of translation studies, it is hoped that there will be more and more systematic and in-depth researches on this point in the future. Key Words: Manipulation; resistance to manipulation; A Short History of Politics