旋转机械广泛应用于动力、能源、航空等领域，在国民生活、工业生产、国防建设中发挥着重要作用。随着科学技术的发展，旋转机械也在向高转速和小转定子间隙发展，这在提高旋转机械效率的同时，也提高了因振动问题而引发各种故障的几率：高转速导致因不平衡力产生剧烈振动的情况增加；而更小的转定子间隙则更容易产生碰摩等各种故障。因此，为了保证高转速和小间隙情况下转子系统的安全运行，必须控制过大的振动。 转子系统振动的抑制方法主要分为被动抑制和主动抑制两种，具体措施包括改变转子系统刚度、阻尼和外激励等。吸振技术，包括被动吸振、半主动和主动吸振三种方法是振动抑制领域的重要措施，因此在转子系统中得到了很多研究应用。目前，该方面的研究主要集中于对转子系统不平衡的振动抑制，而对于含动力吸振器的转子系统在各种典型故障工况下的动力学行为研究很少。掌握含动力吸振器的故障转子系统的动力学行为特征，对于合理设计动力吸振器，正确进行故障预测等均有益处。因此，本文除了进行动力吸振器抑制转子系统不平衡振动研究以外，还针对含动力吸振器的各种典型故障转子系统的动力学行为进行了研究，探讨动力吸振器对故障转子系统振动行为和稳定性的影响，具体内容包括： (1)针对不平衡故障转子系统一阶共振振幅过大的问题，设计并制备了一种新型动力吸振器(skyhook型动力吸振器)用于抑制故障转子系统的振动研究，实验结果表明： skyhook型动力吸振器可以有效抑制不平衡故障转子系统的一阶共振，大幅降低系统的共振振幅；同时，对无阻尼单元的MS(质量-弹簧)型动力吸振器抑制特定工频时不平衡故障转子系统的振动进行了实验研究，结果表明：MS动力吸振器可以有效抑制转子系统的振动，大幅降低响应幅值；MS型动力吸振器的附加位置距离不含吸振器的转子系统上振幅最大位置越近，其抑振性能越优异。 (2)针对含动力吸振器的不对中故障转子系统进行了实验研究。首先，建立了含动力吸振器的不对中故障转子系统的动力学方程，研究不同故障程度的转子系统的动力学特性；然后，搭建含动力吸振器的不对中故障转子系统实验台，测试不同故障程度时转子系统的临界转速；最后，测试工频在1／2倍临界转速附近时系统的振动响应，将所得结果与不含动力吸振器的转子系统的响应进行对比。结果表明：动力吸振器能够抑制不对中故障转子系统的二倍频超谐共振，可有效改善系统运行状态；附加动力吸振器后，故障系统的轴心轨迹由外“8”字形或月牙形转变为椭圆形，同时响应幅值得到降低；通过连续改变动力吸振器的刚度，可使不对中故障转子系统避免发生二倍频超谐共振。 (3)对含动力吸振器的气流激振转子系统的动力学特性及稳定性进行了研究。首先，采用Muszynska流体力模型模拟气流激振力，建立含动力吸振器的气流激振转子系统的动力学模型，并采用Newmark-β迭代法进行求解，对该系统的动力学进行了分析；再采用Lyapunov近似理论求解系统的稳定性，研究了动力吸振器的参数对气流激振转子系统的稳定性的影响。结果表明：动力吸振器的固有频率及阻尼比对转子系统的稳定性有较大影响，动力吸振器的固有频率与转子的一阶固有频率相近时，转子系统的稳定性较高；动力吸振器的阻尼比约为0.06时，转子系统的稳定性较好；附加小阻尼的动力吸振器时转子系统存在二阶失稳现象。 (4)对含动力吸振器的碰摩故障转子系统的动力学特性进行了研究。采用有限元理论对含skyhook型动力吸振器的碰摩故障转子系统进行了建模，并利用Newmark-β结合Newton-Raphson迭代法对动力学方程进行求解。通过对振动响应进行分析，并将所得结果与不含动力吸振器的碰摩故障转子系统的动力学特性进行了对比，结果表明：相同工况下，前者由周期运动进入倍周期运动的工频节点略早于后者，而退出倍周期运动、混沌运动的工频节点略晚于后者；在共振区内，前者混沌运行状态的工频数量远少于后者。对含MS型动力吸振器的碰摩故障转子系统进行了仿真及实验研究，并将结果与相同工况下不含动力吸振器的碰摩故障转子进行了对比，结果表明：当动力吸振器的固有频率与工频相等或相近时，前者的响应幅值比后者的响应幅值小，运行状态好于后者；当吸振器的固有频率与1／2倍工频或2倍工频相等时，前者的响应幅值比后者的响应幅值略大，运行状态略差于后者。 (5)为获得具有最优抑振性能的动力吸振器，提出了一种参数优化方法，该方法适用于抑制不平衡故障转子系统振动的动力吸振器的参数优化问题。该优化方法将有限元理论和自适应粒子群算法相结合，具有精度高、收敛快等优点。利用该方法对MS型、 Vogit型和skyhook型等3种动力吸振器进行了参数优化，并对优化结果进行了对比。结果表明：在抑制转子系统的一阶共振方面，skyhook型动力吸振器具有较优的抑振性能；在抑制特定频率时的转子的振动方面，MS型动力吸振器具有较优的抑振性能。两种动力吸振器的附加位置离振幅最大位置越近，抑振性能越好。为掌握参数变化对最优抑振性能的影响，分析了skyhook型动力吸振器及MS型动力吸振器的最优抑振性能对各参数的灵敏度，结果表明：最优抑振性能对动力吸振器自身参数的灵敏度远高于对转子支承刚度、阻尼的灵敏度。 关键词，动力吸振器；转子；振动抑制；不平衡故障；轴承不对中故障；气流激振；稳定性；碰摩故障；参数优化

 Rotating machinery is widely used in power, energy, aviation and other fields, and plays an important role in national life, industrial production, and national defense construction. With the development of science and technology, rotating machinery is also developing toward high speed and small clearance between the rotors and stators, which improves the efficiency of rotating machinery, and also increases the probability of various faults caused by vibration problems: high speed causes an increase in severe vibration due to unbalanced forces; the smaller the stator gap is more likely to produce various faults such as rubbing. Therefore, in order to ensure safe operation of the rotor system at high speeds and small gaps, excessive vibration must be controlled. The suppression methods of rotor system vibration are mainly divided into passive suppression and active suppression. Specific measures include changing the stiffness, damping and external excitation of the rotor system. Vibration absorption technology, including passive vibration absorption, semi-active and active vibration absorption are important measures in the field of vibration suppression, so many research applications have been obtained in the rotor system. At present, the research mainly focuses on the vibration suppression of the rotor system imbalance in this aspect, but the dynamic behavior of the rotor system with dynamic vibration absorber under various typical fault conditions is rarely studied. Mastering the dynamic behavior characteristics of the faulty rotor system with dynamic vibration absorbers is beneficial to the rational design of dynamic vibration absorbers and correct fault prediction. Therefore, in addition to the research on the unbalance vibration of the rotor system by the dynamic vibration absorber, the dynamic behavior of various typical fault rotor systems with dynamic vibration absorbers is studied. The vibration behavior and stability of the dynamic vibration absorber to the faulty rotor system are discussed. Specific content includes: (1)Aiming at the problem that the first-order resonance amplitude of the rotor system with unbalanced fault is too large, a new type of dynamic vibration absorber (skyhook type dynamic vibration absorber) is designed and prepared to suppress the vibration of the faulty rotor system. The experimental results show that: the skyhook type dynamic vibration absorber can effectively suppress the first-order resonance of the unbalanced fault rotor system and greatly reduce the resonance amplitude of the system; at the same time, the MS (mass-spring) type dynamic vibration absorber for the undamped unit suppresses the unbalanced fault rotor at the specific working frequency. The vibration of the system has been experimentally studied. The results show that the MS type dynamic vibration absorber can effectively suppress the vibration of the rotor system and greatly reduce the response amplitude; the additional position of the MS type dynamic vibration absorber is closer to the maximum amplitude position on the rotor system without the vibration absorber, and the vibration suppression performance is superior. (2)An experimental study was conducted on a rotor system with a misalignment fault with a dynamic vibration absorber. Firstly, the dynamic equations of the rotor system with misaligned faults with dynamic vibration absorbers are established, and the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system with different fault degrees are studied; then, the experimental platform of the rotor system with misalignment faults with dynamic vibration absorbers is built to test the critical speeds of the rotor system under different fault degrees; finally, the vibration response of the system when the working frequency is measured near the critical speed of 1/2 times, and the obtained result is compared with the response of the rotor system without the dynamic vibration absorber. The results show that the dynamic vibration absorber can suppress the double-frequency superharmonic resonance of the misaligned rotor system, which can effectively improve the system operation state. After the additional dynamic vibration absorber, the axial trajectory of the fault system changes from the outer "8" shape or crescent shape to the elliptical shape and the response amplitude are reduced. By continuously changing the stiffness of the dynamic vibration absorber, the misaligned rotor system can be prevented from generating double-frequency superharmonic resonance. (3)The dynamic characteristics and stability of the air-excited rotor system with dynamic vibration absorber are studied. Firstly, the Muszynska fluid force model is used to simulate the airflow excitation force, and the dynamic model of the airflow excited rotor system with dynamic vibration absorber is established. The Newmark-β iterative method is used to solve the dynamics of the system. The stability of the system is solved by Lyapunov approximation theory. The influence of the parameters of the dynamic vibration absorber on the stability of the air-excited rotor system is studied. The results show that the natural frequency and damping ratio of the dynamic vibration absorber have a great influence on the stability of the rotor system. When the natural frequency of the dynamic vibration absorber is close to the first-order natural frequency of the rotor, the stability of the rotor system is higher; When the the damping ratio of the dynamic vibration absorber is about 0.06, the stability of the rotor system is better; when the dynamic vibration absorber with small damping is added, there is a second-order instability phenomenon in the rotor system. (4)The dynamic characteristics of the rub-impact rotor system with dynamic vibration absorber are studied. The finite element theory is used to model the rub-impact rotor system with skyhook type dynamic vibration absorber, and the dynamic equation is solved by Newmark-β combined with Newton-Raphson iterative method. By analyzing the vibration response, the obtained results are compared with the dynamic characteristics of the rub-impact rotor system without the dynamic vibration absorber. The results show that under the same working conditions, the former enters the working frequency node of the double-cycle motion from the periodic motion. It is slightly earlier than the latter, and the working frequency node that exits the double-period motion and the chaotic motion is slightly later than the latter; in the resonance region, the number of working frequencies of the former chaotic operating state is much less than that of the latter. The simulation and experimental research on the rubbing fault rotor system with MS type dynamic vibration absorber are carried out, and the results are compared with the rubbing fault rotor without dynamic vibration absorber under the same working condition. The results show that when the natural frequency of the dynamic vibration absorber is equal or close to the working frequency, the response amplitude of the former is smaller than the response amplitude of the latter, and the operating state is better than the latter; when the natural frequency of the vibration absorber is equal to 1/2 times the working frequency or 2 times the working frequency. At the time, the former's response amplitude is slightly larger than the latter's response amplitude, and the operating state is slightly worse than the latter. (5)In order to obtain the dynamic vibration absorber with optimal vibration suppression performance, a parameter optimization method is proposed, which is suitable for parameter optimization of dynamic vibration absorber for suppressing vibration of unbalanced fault rotor system. The optimization method combines the finite element theory and the adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm, and has the advantages of high precision and fast convergence. The parameters of three kinds of dynamic vibration absorbers, such as MS type, Vogit type and skyhook type, were optimized by this method, and the optimization results were compared. The results show that the skyhook type dynamic vibration absorber has better vibration suppression performance in suppressing the first-order resonance of the rotor system. The MS type dynamic vibration absorber has better vibration suppression performance in suppressing the vibration of the rotor at a specific frequency. The closer the additional position of the two types of dynamic vibration absorbers is to the maximum amplitude position, the better the vibration suppression performance. In order to grasp the influence of parameter variation on the optimal vibration suppression performance, the sensitivity of the optimal vibration suppression performance of the skyhook type dynamic vibration absorber and the MS type dynamic vibration absorber to each parameter is analyzed. The results show that the sensitivity of the optimal vibration suppression performance to the parameters of the dynamic vibration absorber is much higher than that of the rotor support stiffness and damping. Key words: dynamic vibration absorber; rotor; vibration suppression; unbalanced fault; bearing misalignment fault; airflow excitation; stability; rubbing fault; parameter optimization.