摘要 二十世纪初，出于富国强兵的需要，孙中山吸纳西方民主政治制度的优点，以三民主义理论为基础，设计了中国式的资产阶级民主共和国方案，提出了“五权分立”的政治主张。孙中山监察权思想即是其“五权宪法”理论的重要组成部分，它是融贯古今中外监察思想与制度的产物。勿庸置疑，孙中山的“五权宪法”理论及其监察权设计当有其可取之处。然而，这样一项融贯中西、彰显新意的监察权理论，其实际运行效果却并不尽人意，表现出定位不准、权能宽泛、效能欠佳等问题。作为孙中山宪政思想的重要组成部分，“五权宪法”监察权理论与实践何以出现如此反差，这是一个值得我们研究的重大问题。 笔者以为，孙中山“五权宪法”监察权理论与实践运行的反差，源自形式上借鉴了中西监察权配置的优点，而实质上却是中国传统监察权配置与运行制度的传承，由此也注定了它随着民主政治的不断发展而逐渐萎缩的必然趋势。循着这一理路，笔者围绕孙中山“五权宪法”监察权问题从四个方面进行了论述。全文共分为五个部分，具体内容如下： 导言，超越还是回归。该部分在理析“五权宪法”监察权研究现状的基础上，重点提出了自己的研究思路和方法，即：(1)从总体上运用纵横比较和历史分析方法，把“五权宪法”监察权置入中国传统监察权和西方资本主义国家监察权的坐标中，并分别以其理论根据为分析工具，对“五权宪法”监察权思想及其实践作出全面系统的评价，从而尽可能窥视“五权宪法”监察权思想之真实面貌。(2)立足宪政要求，对“五权宪法”监察权之定位作一深入分析，探讨党治模式监察权形态之源及其对监察权运行效能的影响，以期对“五权宪法”监察权的特性有较深刻的理解和把握。(3)以文化分析方法为工具，全面分析“五权宪法”监察权的运行实态，对“五权宪法”监察权发展前景作出相应预测，并努力从“五权宪法”监察权思想的践行中找寻出对现实有益的借鉴。 第一章，“五权宪法”监察权基本型构。要研究“五权宪法”监察权问题，首先必须了解“五权宪法”理论架构下的监察权形态。为此，本章重点论述了孙中山“五权宪法”监察权思想的主旨和理论基础、“五权宪法”监察权的权能与定位及党治模式监察权形态与实质等问题。孙中山“五权宪法”监察权思想主要包括三方面内容，即监察权独立思想、监察权权威思想和监察权受监督思想，这一思想的形成是传统民本思想与西方权力制约思想共同作用的结果。监察权的权能设计既秉承传统，又略有变异，主要有弹劾权、审计权、调查权、监试权、纠举权、建议权、同意权、纠正权等。其权能庞杂，表现了监察权游移不定的定位。中国传统监察权是皇权的延伸，是治官的利器，西方资本主义国家议会监察权则是权力制衡的工具。就孙中山“权能分治”架构而言，“五权宪法”监察权只是借鉴了西方权力分立的形式，装入了中国传统监察制度的内容，这是文化指令系统作用的必然结果。党治模式监察权形态是孙中山“以党治国”思想的体现，对监察权的配置与运行产生了深刻影响，并且最终将监察权变为了党权的附庸。 第二章，“五权宪法”监察权之传承与超越。由于孙中山“五权宪法”监察权思想深受传统思想与制度的影响，因此，有必要研究这一思想的传统渊源。传统监察权是皇权的延伸，它依附于皇权。在长期的历史发展中，传统监察制度形成了自身的制度特点，即监察权配置的独立性与垂直领导性；监察官秩卑、位尊、权重、赏厚、罚严；权能完备，方式多样，立法、司法、行政监察三位合体；监察权配置和运行法律化；重视监察官的选任，严格监察官的考核；皇帝握有最高监察权，监察权依附于皇权。由于受阶级本质、制度本身和人治文化的局限，传统监察权注定非权力制衡之手段，而只能是治官之器具。孙中山受西方权力制约思想的影响，将监察权纳入宪政架构，并通过国民大会将国家权力最终置于人民的监督之下，在一定意义上体现了权力制约理念，从而在形式上超越了传统监察权。但是，他对传统“性三品”说的传承，又使其监察权设计最终回归到了传统监察权的老路，这是文化与历史注定的必然结局。 第三章，西方监察权理论视野中的“五权宪法”监察权。本章重在比较“五权宪法”监察权和西方资本主义国家监察权的不同，用西方的理论根据审视“五权宪法”监察权。孙中山“五权宪法”监察权深受西方权力分立思想的影响，其五权架构即借鉴了西方的分权模式。尽管如此，“五权宪法”监察权与西方资本主义国家监察权的建构有着天壤之别。西方国家以政治原罪论、人民主权论、自由主义论、分权制衡论等为理论基础，建构起了各有特色的议会监察模式、政府监察模式和复合监察模式。虽然资本主义国家监察权建构的理论基础具有唯心性，并且作为资产阶级民主政治的组成部分，其监察制度始终是维护资产阶级利益的工具，但它在防止权力滥用方面发挥了较好的效用。而“五权宪法”监察权与西方监察权虽同源于性恶论，但却表现出了不同的旨趣。西方国家监察权的建构以控权为主旨，权力与权力之间既分权又制衡，确保了所有国家权力都受到监督。“五权宪法”监察权则以治官为取向，确保万能政府的建立。这种取向最终使监察权沦为了党权和行政权的奴婢，并使监察权的权能行使大受影响，其效能难以得到有效发挥。 第四章，“五权宪法”监察权思想之实践与启示。本章是对“五权宪法”监察权运行实态的分析。“五权宪法”监察权思想历经南京临时政府、广州和武汉国民政府、南京国民政府和中国台湾的实践，其制度架构在不同的历史阶段表现出了不同的特点。客观地说，“五权宪法”监察权的运行对于整肃吏治，从而使人民群众少受贪官污吏的盘剥发挥了不容忽视的作用，但“五权宪法”监察权时而行使议会监察权时而行使行政监察权的尴尬定位，使其效能发挥大打折扣，并最终使监察权沦为党权和专制独裁统治者的工具。据此，笔者认为，随着民主政治的迅速发展，“五权宪法”监察权最终必然演变为政府内部的监察权，成为行政首长监控政府部门和公务人员的有力工具。“五权宪法”监察权的运行实践也向我们昭示，正确处理监察权与党权的关系，将监察权在制度层面真正纳入宪政架构，是监察权效能发挥的重要保证。

Abstract At the beginning of 20th century, stemming from prospering the country and strengthening its military force, Sun Yat-sen adopted the merits of the western democratic politic system, with the Three People's Principles of theory as the foundations, designed the project of Chinese bourgeois democratic republic, and politically proposed "separation of five powers". The Sun Yat-sen's supervision power thought which is the product of supervision power and system combined through the ancient and modern in China and abroad is an important constituent of "five-power constitution" theory. Undoubtedly Sun Yat-sen's "five-power constitution" theory and its supervision power design really have much to recommend.The theory connecting China and the West revealed the creative idea of the supervision power, but its practical value is unsatisfactory because of the miss of the target, being extensive with power and unsatisfactory efficiency and so on. As the Sun Yat-sen's important constituent of constitutional government thought, why the supervision power theory of "the five-power constitution" greatly goes by contrary in practice is a major issue being worthy of our exploration. The author claims that the reason why Sun Yat-sen's supervision power theory of "the five-power constitution" conflicts the practical movement is the superficial adoption of the advantages of supervision power disposition in China and West, however, in essence it inherited directly the Chinese tradition supervision power disposition and the operation system, as a result it was doomed an inevitable trend of withering along with the constant development of democratic politic. Following this principle, the author deals with Sun Yat-sen's supervision power of "the five-power constitution" from four aspects. The paper divides into five parts, as follows: Introduction Transcendence or Return After the analyses of the current situation based on the supervision power of "five-power constitution", this part proposes the research thought and method, namely: (1) wholly utilizing the vertical and horizontal comparison and the historical analytic method, the author sets the supervision power of "the five-power constitution" into a coordinate of the Chinese traditional supervision power and in the supervision power of western capitalist countries, and evaluates comprehensively the supervision power of "the five-power constitution" thought and its the practice respectively taking the theoretic basis as its analytic tool, so as to provide a panorama of the essence of the supervision power thought of "the five-power constitution" as far as possible (2) based on the request of constitutional politics, the author analyzes profoundly the status of supervision power of "the five-power constitution" and explores the source of the form of the supervision power of the party-ruled pattern and its influence on the efficiency of the supervision power operation in the expectation of a better understanding of"the five-power constitution". (3) with the culture analysis method, the author analyzes comprehensively the process of the supervision power of "the five-power constitution", predicting correspondingly the prospects of the supervision power of "the five-power constitution", and attempting to figure out the beneficial model for the practice from the experience of the supervision power of "the five-power constitution". Chapter One The Basic Configuration of the Supervision Power of "Five-power Constitution". To study the supervision power condition based on the theory framework of the "the five-power constitution",it is necessary to provide a general idea about the condition of the supervision power of the "the five-power constitution". Therefore, this chapter mainly focuses on the motive and theoretic basis of the supervision power of Sun Yat-sen's " five-power constitution", the force and its status of the supervision power of "the five-power constitution", and the situation and the essence of supervision power of the party-ruled pattern and so on. Sun Yat-sen's the supervision power of "the five-power constitution" mainly consists of three aspects, namely the independent thought of the supervision power, the authoritative thought of the supervision power and the supervised thought of the supervision power, which is the result of the mutual affect of the traditional thought of the people and the western authority-restriction. The design of the supervision power inherited the tradition, but with the slight revision, mainly involving the impeachment power, the audit power, the inspection power, the trial power, the prosecution power, the advice power, the agreement power, the correction power and so on. Its power is numerous and in disorder showing the constantly changing status. The Chinese traditional supervision power is an extension of the imperial authority, the sharp weapon governing officials, while the west capitalist country parliament supervision power is a tool by the authority to keep balance. As far as "the separation of power " is concerned, Sun Yat-sen's supervision power of "the five-power constitution" only has adopted the form of separation of power from the western, but has stuffed the Chinese traditional content of supervisory system, which is the inevitable result of the commanding system of culture. The supervision power of the party-ruled pattern is the representation of Sun Yat-Sen's idea of "administering a country by political party ", which has a great impact on the distribution and operation of the supervision power, and finally becomes the dependency of the party power of the supervision power. Chapter Two The Inheritance and Transcendence of Supervision Power of the Five- power Constitution The traditional ideology and institution had a great influence on the supervision power of Sun Yat-sen's of Five-power Constitution, so it's essential to study the conventional origin of the supervision power. The supervision power was the attachment and extension of imperial authority. During the long process of historical development, the traditional supervision system formed its own institutional characteristics: the independence and vertical leadership of the collocation of supervision power; the low rank, respectable post, crucial right, high salary, severe punishment of a censor; self-contained capacity, diverse modes, the trinity of legislation, judicature and administrative supervision; the legalization of the collocation and operation of supervision power; the recognition of the selection and appointment of a censor; the strict assessment of a censor; the supervision power is attached to imperial authority, and the supreme supervisory power belongs to the emperor. Owing to the limitation of class essence, institution and rule-by-men culture, the traditional supervision power was doomed to be an instrument of official-governing, not a device of power domination and equilibrium. Influenced by the western ideology of power conditionality, Sun Yat-sen reinserted the supervisory power into the constitutional system and made the national authority under the mass supervision in the form of national assembly. To some extent, it realized power conditionality, thus it surpassed the traditional supervision power formally, whereas his maintaining of the traditional Three-Rank Nature theory ultimately made his design of supervision power regressed to the old mode of traditional supervision power. It was an evitable cultural and historical outcome. Chapter Three The Supervision Power of Five-power Constitution in the view of Western Supervision Power Theory. This chapter focuses on the difference between the supervision power of Five-power Constitution and that of western capitalist states, and surveys the supervision power of Five-power Constitution from the viewpoint of western theory. Sun Yat-sen's supervision power of Five-power Constitution was influenced greatly by western power-division theory, and his Five-power System used western power-division pattern for reference. The supervision power of Five-power Constitution was still quite different from that of western capitalist states. On the theoretic basis of Political Original Sin, Ultimate Popular Sovereignty, Liberalism and Decentralization, western capitalist states established their characteristic parliamentary supervision modes, governmental supervision modes and complex supervision modes respectively. As the component of bourgeois democracy, the capitalist state's supervision system has been a tool of vindicating bourgeois benefits all along, and its theoretic basis was idealistic, but it played an important role in preventing abuse of power. Although both the supervision power of Five-power Constitution and western supervision power had their roots in Original Sin theory, they reflected their distinct objectives. The supervision power of western capitalist states regarded power-controlling as its purport, and ensured that all national powers were under supervision by decentralizing and conditioning all the powers. The supervision power of Five-power Constitution committed itself to officer-governing and the establishment of an universal government. This purpose made the supervision power a slave to party power and executive power and weakened the valid enforcement of s supervision power. Chapter Four The Practice and Enlightenment of Supervision Power of Five-power Constitution This chapter analyzes the actual operational stages of supervision power of the Five-power Constitution. The supervision power of the Five-power Constitution went through the stags of Nanking Interim Government, Guangzhou and Wuhan National Government, Nanjing National Government and Chinese Taiwanese Government, and its institutional structure presented corresponding traits at each stage. Objectively speaking, the operation of supervision power of the Five-power Constitution played an indispensable role in adjusting the local administration of civil officials and protecting the mass against the exploiting of corrupt officials. But the vague definition between parliamentary supervision power and administrative supervision power weakened the efficiency of supervision power of the Five-power Constitution and made the supervision power a tool of party and a dictator. Therefore, with the rapid development of democratic politics, the supervision power of the Five-power Constitution is bound to develop into the governmental internal supervision power, which becomes an effective tool of the chief administrative officer in supervising government departments and civil servants. The actual operation of supervision power of the Five-power Constitution also shows us that it is important for the full play of supervision power to handle the relations between supervision power and party power and actually to reinsert the supervision power into the constitutional system. Key words: Sun Yat-sen; Five-power Constitution; supervision power